KONSEP LEBENSRAUM: PEREBUTAN HEGEMONI LAUT CHINA SELATAN ANTARA CHINA DENGAN AMERIKA SERIKAT
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Apr 24, 2021
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Abstract
Konsep lebensraum atau ruang hidup yang diperkenalkan Ratzel berkembang sebagai kajian geopolitik modern. Artikel ini berupaya menganalisis konsep lebensraum pada strategi Tiongkok dan reaksi Amerika Serikat serta menganalisis jalan tengah dalam menyelesaikan konflik di Laut China Selatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka. Pengumpulan data bersumber dari berbagai sumber pustaka yang memiliki koreasi dengan topik penelitian. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa implementasi BRI yang dilakukan oleh China merupakan sebuah langkah dalam memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat di negaranya pada masa yang akan datang. Amerika Serikat, melalui strategi rebalancing, berupaya membendung hegemoni Tiongkok. Sebagai jalan tengah antara Amerika Serikat dan China, ASEAN memperkenalkan AOIP sebagai kerangka kerja sama antar negara yang memiliki kepentingan di Laut China Selatan.
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[1]
H. Tian, P. Suwarno, and S. ., “KONSEP LEBENSRAUM: PEREBUTAN HEGEMONI LAUT CHINA SELATAN ANTARA CHINA DENGAN AMERIKA SERIKAT”, JURNAL EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 127-136, Apr. 2021.
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References
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Bangun, B. H. (2021). Upaya dan Peran ASEAN Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Laut China Selatan. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum, 7(1), 23–37.
Bassin, M. (1987). Imperialism and the Nation State in Friederich Ratzel’s Political Geography. Progress in Human Geography, 11(4), 473–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/030913258701100401
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Calam, A., & Sobirin. (2009). Formulasi Geopolitik di Era Reformasi. Jurnal Saintikom, 7(2), 350–365.
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Danielsson, S. K. (2009). Creating Genocidal Space: Geographers and the Discourse of Annihilation, 1880-1933. Space and Polity, 13(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562570902780944
Darmawan, A. B. (2018). Dinamika Isu Laut Tiongkok Selatan: Analisis Sumber-Sumber Kebijakan Luar Negeri Tiongkok Dalam Sengketa. Pacis: Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 14(1), 13–35.
Darmawan, A. B., & Mahendra, Lady. (2018). Isu Laut Tiongkok Selatan: Negara-negara ASEAN Terbelah Menghadapi Tiongkok. Jurnal Global & Strategis, 12(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.12.1.2018.79-100
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Farhana, F. (2014). Memahami Perspektif Tiongkok Dalam Upaya Penyelesaian Sengketa Laut Cina Selatan. Penelitian Politik, 11(1), 167–180.
Ferdinand, P. (2016). Westward ho- the China Dream and “One Belt, One Road”; Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi Jinping. International Affairs, 4(92), 941–957.
Foulkes, J., & Wang, H. (2019). China’s Future Naval Base in Cambodia and the Implications for India. China Brief, 19(15). Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-future-naval-base-in-cambodia-and-the-implications-for-india/
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Haryanto, A., & Bainus, A. (2017). Implikasi Declaration of Conduct Laut Tiongkok Selatan Tahun 2002 Terhadap Proses Penyelesaian Sengketa. Media Hukum, 24(1), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2017.0093.88-95
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Kliem, F. (2020). Why Quasi-Alliances Will Persist in the Indo- Pacific ? The Fall and Rise of the Quad. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 7(3), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347797020962620
Leer, Y. van der, & Yau, J. (2016). China’s New Silk Route: The Long and Winding Road. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/growth-markets-center/assets/pdf/china-new-silk-route.pdf
Mahan, A. T. (2010). The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783. In Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511783289
Malik, M. (2013). Historical Fiction: China’s South China Sea Claims. World Affairs2, 176(1), 83–90.
Malthus, T. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: Printed for J. Johnson, in St. Paul’s Church-Yard.
Mirski, S. (2015). The South China Sea Dispute: A Brief History. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from Lawfare website: https://www.lawfareblog.com/south-china-sea-dispute-brief-history
Muhamad, S. V. (2020). Eskalasi Ketegangan di Laut China Selatan dan Sikap Asean. Info Singkat: Kajian Singkat Terhadap Isu Aktual Dan Strategis, 12(10).
Patnistik, E. (2010). China Dituduh Meniru “Lebensraum” Nazi. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from Kompas.com website: https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2010/11/01/07572584/China.Dituduh.Meniru..quot.Lebensraum.quot..Nazi?page=all
Planifolia, V. (2017). Strategi Rebalancing Amerika Serikat di Kawasan Asia-Pasifik. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.61101
Pudjiastuti, T. N., & Prayoga, P. (2015). ASEAN dan Isu Laut Cina Selatan: Transformasi Konflik Menuju Tata Kelola Keamanan Regional Asia Timur. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 12(1), 99–115.
Purwono. (2008). Studi Kepustakaan. Info Persada, 6(2), 66–72.
Putri, S. A. (2018). Peran ASEAN Security Community Dalam Persengketaan Laut China Selatan ( Studi Dari Tahun 1930 Hingga 2016 ). Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 2(2), 30–37.
Rabbani, A. (2019). China’s Hegemony In The South China Sea. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 23(3), 66–79. Retrieved from 10.2307/48531051
Rahmadani, S., Kusmanto, H., & Warjio. (2019). Strategi China menghadapi “Malacca Dilemma” dalam Rangka Pengamanan Jalur Energy China di Selat Malaka. JUPIIS: Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 11(1), 141–148.
Ramadani, S., & Trisni, S. (2019). Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri Filipina Terkait Sengketa Laut Cina Selatan Pada Masa Duterte. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 4(1), 46–67. https://doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v4n1.4
Ratzel, F. (2019). The Laws of the Spatial Growth of States. In R. E. Kasperson & J. V Minghi (Eds.), The Structure of Political Geography. Boca Raton: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315135267-4
Robbins, B. (2017). One Belt, One Road and the History of Maritime Silk Road. Retrieved March 15, 2021, from E-International Relations website: https://www.e-ir.info/2017/03/26/one-belt-one-road-and-the-history-of-the-maritime-silk-route/
Satris, R. (2015). Peningkatan Anggaran Persenjataan Militer China sebagai Bagian dari Security Dilemma di Kawasan Asia Pasifik. The POLITICS : Jurnal Magister Ilmu Politik Universitas Hasanuddin, 1(1), 95–104. Retrieved from http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/politics/article/view/137/0
Sigit, & Herindrasti, V. L. S. (Eds.). (2020). Geopolitics and International Comteporaru Issues in Asia Pacific and Beyond. Jakarta: UKI Press.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature Review as a Research Methodology: An Overview and Guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104(March), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Soebjijanto, S. (2004). Kekuatan Maritim Sebagai Salah Satu Pilihan Pembangunan Ketahanan Nasional Bangsa. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 9(2), 45–61.
Storey, I. (2006). China’s “Malacca Dilemma.” In China Brief (Vol. 6). Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-malacca-dilemma/
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. (2019). China’s National Defense in the New Era (First Edit). Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
Toruan, G. T. L. (2020). Peran Strategis Indonesia Dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Laut China Selatan Dalam Perspektif Stabilitas Keamanan Regional. Jurnal Keamanan Nasional, 6(1), 111–129.
Utomo, H., Prihantoro, M., & Adriana, L. (2017). Peran Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Mengelola Konflik Laut China Selatan. Jurnal Prodi Damai Dan Resolusi Konflik, 3(3), 63–88.
Varacalli, T. F. X. (2016). National Interest and Moral Responsibility in the Political Thought of Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan. Naval War College Review, 69(2), 108–127.
Verianto, J. R. K. (2019). Kebangkitan China melalui Belt and Road Initiative dan (Re)konstruksi Hubungan Internasional dalam Sistem Westphalia. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.81141
Waluyo, B. (2020). Cina dan Vietnam: Ketiadaan Konflik Terbuka di Laut Cina Selatan. Jurnal Dinamika Global, 5(2), 319–333.
Yanuarti, I., Wibisono, M., & Midhio, I. W. (2020). Strategi Kerja Sama Indo-Pasifik Untuk Mendukung Pertahanan Negara: Perspektif Indonesia. Jurnal Strategi Perahanan Semesta, 6(1), 41–70.
Yunus, A. (2018). ‘One Belt, One Road’: Sign of a Revisionist or Integrative China? Retrieved March 15, 2021, from E-International Relations website: https://www.e-ir.info/2018/07/22/one-belt-one-road-sign-of-a-revisionist-or-integrative-china/
Zhang, F. (2015). Beijing’s Master Plan for the South China Sea. Retrieved March 16, 2021, from Foreign Policy website: https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/23/south_china_sea_beijing_retreat_new_strategy/
Anshori, M. F. (2020). Balance of Threat of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue towards China’s Presence in the South China Sea. AEGIS, 4(1), 37–67. https://doi.org/10.33021/aegis.v4i1.883
Anwar, D. F. (2020). Indonesia and the ASEAN outlook on the Indo-Pacific. International Affairs, 96(1), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz223
Bangun, B. H. (2021). Upaya dan Peran ASEAN Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Laut China Selatan. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum, 7(1), 23–37.
Bassin, M. (1987). Imperialism and the Nation State in Friederich Ratzel’s Political Geography. Progress in Human Geography, 11(4), 473–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/030913258701100401
Belo, Z. A., Mamentu, M., & Tulung, T. E. (2020). Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) Dengan Vietnam. Jurnal Politico, 9(2).
Bidara, M. A., & Mamentu, M. (2018). Kepentingan Amerika Serikat Dalam Konflik Laut Cina Selatan. Jurnal Eksekutif, 1(1).
Calam, A., & Sobirin. (2009). Formulasi Geopolitik di Era Reformasi. Jurnal Saintikom, 7(2), 350–365.
Carpio, A. T. (2020). China’s Maritime Lebensraum. Retrieved March 14, 2020, from Inquirer.net website: https://opinion.inquirer.net/129360/chinas-maritime-lebensraum
Cook, A. D. B. (2013). Smart Power Potential Under Xi Jinping. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from East Asia Forum website: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/03/07/smart-power-potential-under-xi-jinping/
Danielsson, S. K. (2009). Creating Genocidal Space: Geographers and the Discourse of Annihilation, 1880-1933. Space and Polity, 13(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562570902780944
Darmawan, A. B. (2018). Dinamika Isu Laut Tiongkok Selatan: Analisis Sumber-Sumber Kebijakan Luar Negeri Tiongkok Dalam Sengketa. Pacis: Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 14(1), 13–35.
Darmawan, A. B., & Mahendra, Lady. (2018). Isu Laut Tiongkok Selatan: Negara-negara ASEAN Terbelah Menghadapi Tiongkok. Jurnal Global & Strategis, 12(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.12.1.2018.79-100
Djalal, D. P. (1986). Geopolitical Concepts and Maritime Teritorial Behaviour in Indonesian Foreign Policy. Simon Fraser University.
Farhana, F. (2014). Memahami Perspektif Tiongkok Dalam Upaya Penyelesaian Sengketa Laut Cina Selatan. Penelitian Politik, 11(1), 167–180.
Ferdinand, P. (2016). Westward ho- the China Dream and “One Belt, One Road”; Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi Jinping. International Affairs, 4(92), 941–957.
Foulkes, J., & Wang, H. (2019). China’s Future Naval Base in Cambodia and the Implications for India. China Brief, 19(15). Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-future-naval-base-in-cambodia-and-the-implications-for-india/
Gompert, D. C. (2013). Sea Power and American Interest in the Western Pacific. California: RAND Corporation.
Haryanto, A., & Bainus, A. (2017). Implikasi Declaration of Conduct Laut Tiongkok Selatan Tahun 2002 Terhadap Proses Penyelesaian Sengketa. Media Hukum, 24(1), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2017.0093.88-95
Heiduk, F., & Wacker, G. (2020). From Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific: Significance, Implementation and Challenges. Berlin.
Hendrajit. (2017). Pergeseran Sentral Geopolitik Indonesia, dari Heartland ke Asia Pasifik. Jurnal Kajian Lemhanas RI, 5(1), 31–41.
Jones, M., Jones, R., Woods, M., Whitehead, M., Dixon, D., & Hannah, M. (2015). An Introduction to Political Geography: Space, Place and Politics (2nd ed.). Oxon dan New York: Routledge.
Kamal, H., Kamal, O., Idris, N. A., & Othman, Z. (2017). Peranan dan Tanggung Jawab Antarbangsa China sebagai Negara Berkuasa Besar. Geografia Online: Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 12(7), 34–46.
Kartini, I. (2015). Kebijakan Jalur Sutra Baru Cina dan Implikasi Bagi Amerika Serikat. Kajian Wilayah, 6(2), 131–147.
Keating, T. J. (2008). United States Pacific Command: USPACOM Strategy. In US Pacific Command.
Kien, L. T. (2020). As Tensions Rise Between China and the Quad Nations, ASEAN has the Ability to Leverage its Centrality and Encourage Peaceful Co-operation in the Region, Writes Regional Expert Le Trung Kien. Retrieved April 10, 2021, from Asialink website: https://asialink.unimelb.edu.au/insights/the-indo-pacific-regional-architecture-the-quad,-inclusivity-and-asean-centrality
Kliem, F. (2020). Why Quasi-Alliances Will Persist in the Indo- Pacific ? The Fall and Rise of the Quad. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 7(3), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347797020962620
Leer, Y. van der, & Yau, J. (2016). China’s New Silk Route: The Long and Winding Road. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/growth-markets-center/assets/pdf/china-new-silk-route.pdf
Mahan, A. T. (2010). The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783. In Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511783289
Malik, M. (2013). Historical Fiction: China’s South China Sea Claims. World Affairs2, 176(1), 83–90.
Malthus, T. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: Printed for J. Johnson, in St. Paul’s Church-Yard.
Mirski, S. (2015). The South China Sea Dispute: A Brief History. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from Lawfare website: https://www.lawfareblog.com/south-china-sea-dispute-brief-history
Muhamad, S. V. (2020). Eskalasi Ketegangan di Laut China Selatan dan Sikap Asean. Info Singkat: Kajian Singkat Terhadap Isu Aktual Dan Strategis, 12(10).
Patnistik, E. (2010). China Dituduh Meniru “Lebensraum” Nazi. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from Kompas.com website: https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2010/11/01/07572584/China.Dituduh.Meniru..quot.Lebensraum.quot..Nazi?page=all
Planifolia, V. (2017). Strategi Rebalancing Amerika Serikat di Kawasan Asia-Pasifik. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.61101
Pudjiastuti, T. N., & Prayoga, P. (2015). ASEAN dan Isu Laut Cina Selatan: Transformasi Konflik Menuju Tata Kelola Keamanan Regional Asia Timur. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 12(1), 99–115.
Purwono. (2008). Studi Kepustakaan. Info Persada, 6(2), 66–72.
Putri, S. A. (2018). Peran ASEAN Security Community Dalam Persengketaan Laut China Selatan ( Studi Dari Tahun 1930 Hingga 2016 ). Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 2(2), 30–37.
Rabbani, A. (2019). China’s Hegemony In The South China Sea. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 23(3), 66–79. Retrieved from 10.2307/48531051
Rahmadani, S., Kusmanto, H., & Warjio. (2019). Strategi China menghadapi “Malacca Dilemma” dalam Rangka Pengamanan Jalur Energy China di Selat Malaka. JUPIIS: Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 11(1), 141–148.
Ramadani, S., & Trisni, S. (2019). Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri Filipina Terkait Sengketa Laut Cina Selatan Pada Masa Duterte. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 4(1), 46–67. https://doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v4n1.4
Ratzel, F. (2019). The Laws of the Spatial Growth of States. In R. E. Kasperson & J. V Minghi (Eds.), The Structure of Political Geography. Boca Raton: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315135267-4
Robbins, B. (2017). One Belt, One Road and the History of Maritime Silk Road. Retrieved March 15, 2021, from E-International Relations website: https://www.e-ir.info/2017/03/26/one-belt-one-road-and-the-history-of-the-maritime-silk-route/
Satris, R. (2015). Peningkatan Anggaran Persenjataan Militer China sebagai Bagian dari Security Dilemma di Kawasan Asia Pasifik. The POLITICS : Jurnal Magister Ilmu Politik Universitas Hasanuddin, 1(1), 95–104. Retrieved from http://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/politics/article/view/137/0
Sigit, & Herindrasti, V. L. S. (Eds.). (2020). Geopolitics and International Comteporaru Issues in Asia Pacific and Beyond. Jakarta: UKI Press.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature Review as a Research Methodology: An Overview and Guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104(March), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Soebjijanto, S. (2004). Kekuatan Maritim Sebagai Salah Satu Pilihan Pembangunan Ketahanan Nasional Bangsa. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 9(2), 45–61.
Storey, I. (2006). China’s “Malacca Dilemma.” In China Brief (Vol. 6). Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-malacca-dilemma/
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. (2019). China’s National Defense in the New Era (First Edit). Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
Toruan, G. T. L. (2020). Peran Strategis Indonesia Dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Laut China Selatan Dalam Perspektif Stabilitas Keamanan Regional. Jurnal Keamanan Nasional, 6(1), 111–129.
Utomo, H., Prihantoro, M., & Adriana, L. (2017). Peran Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Mengelola Konflik Laut China Selatan. Jurnal Prodi Damai Dan Resolusi Konflik, 3(3), 63–88.
Varacalli, T. F. X. (2016). National Interest and Moral Responsibility in the Political Thought of Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan. Naval War College Review, 69(2), 108–127.
Verianto, J. R. K. (2019). Kebangkitan China melalui Belt and Road Initiative dan (Re)konstruksi Hubungan Internasional dalam Sistem Westphalia. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.81141
Waluyo, B. (2020). Cina dan Vietnam: Ketiadaan Konflik Terbuka di Laut Cina Selatan. Jurnal Dinamika Global, 5(2), 319–333.
Yanuarti, I., Wibisono, M., & Midhio, I. W. (2020). Strategi Kerja Sama Indo-Pasifik Untuk Mendukung Pertahanan Negara: Perspektif Indonesia. Jurnal Strategi Perahanan Semesta, 6(1), 41–70.
Yunus, A. (2018). ‘One Belt, One Road’: Sign of a Revisionist or Integrative China? Retrieved March 15, 2021, from E-International Relations website: https://www.e-ir.info/2018/07/22/one-belt-one-road-sign-of-a-revisionist-or-integrative-china/
Zhang, F. (2015). Beijing’s Master Plan for the South China Sea. Retrieved March 16, 2021, from Foreign Policy website: https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/23/south_china_sea_beijing_retreat_new_strategy/