DEMOKRASI MINIM OPOSISI: NARASI MAHA PUITIS SEJARAH ATAS REDUKSI OPOSISI
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Sep 2, 2022
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Ketika menyampaikan Visi Pembangunan tahun 2019-2025, Presiden Jokowi menegaskan oposisi diperbolehkan selama tidak menimbulkan alur fragmentasi dan instabilitas berlebihan. Dalam kesempatan berbeda berkaitan dengan bergabungnya Partai Gerindra ke dalam pusat pemerintahan, Presiden Jokowi menampilkan sikap yang kontras dan kontradiktif bahwa tampilan demokrasi Indonesia tidak mengenal eksistensi oposisi, melainkan demokrasi berbasis gotong royong. Tentu pernyataan demikian dinilai sangat tidak kontekstual, kesalahan dalam memahami terminologi demokrasi, bahkan kekeliruan besar dalam melihat substansi sistem pemerintahan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menghadirkan berbagai penyelidikan signifikansi dan implikasi dari keberadaan oposisi, termasuk reduksi dengan tendensi yang lumayan signifikan terhadap pelembagaan oposisi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan berbagai eksplorasi rimba raya informasi dari 49 artikel, 6 berita online, serta 6 literatur yang lain secara mendalam untuk menegasikan konstruksi dari krusialitas oposisi secara normatif dalam demokrasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menempatkan eksistensi oposisi sebagai ruh inheren dalam prinsip demokrasi, dapat menghadirkan intervensi prima terhadap proses pengambilan keputusan pemerintah untuk menghasilkan kebijakan yang lebih moderat. Dalam sejarah demokrasi Indonesia, setiap rezim yang tengah berkuasa mempunyai tendensi signifikan untuk melakukan reduksi terhadap oposisi dengan penerapan kooptasi dan koersi yang terus beregenerasi dalam entitas terbaru melalui samaran kontinum. Sebagai implikasi dari penelitian ini, sejarah demokrasi Indonesia menjadi untaian narasi puitis panjang atas reduksi eksistensi oposisi yang terlihat mendapatkan pembenaran dari perjalanan bangsa.
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[1]
M. A. Lukmanul Hakim, C. Darmawan, and L. Anggraeni, “DEMOKRASI MINIM OPOSISI: NARASI MAHA PUITIS SEJARAH ATAS REDUKSI OPOSISI”, JURNAL EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 674-683, Sep. 2022.
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References
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Crockett, D. A. (2003). Samson Unbound: Opposition Presidents and the Failure of Party Leadership. The Social Science Journal, 40(3), 371–383. https://doi:10.1016/s0362-3319(03)00036-3.
Daase, C., & Deitelhoff, N. (2019). Opposition and Dissidence: Two Modes of Resistance Against International Rule. Journal of International Political Theory, 15(1), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1755088218808312.
Davidson, J. S. (2019). Special Issue on Institutions Under Pressure: Opposition to Privatized Infrastructure in Indonesia. Review of International Political Economy, 1–24. https://doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1668461.
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Frantz, E. (2018). Voter Turnout and Opposition Performance in Competitive Authoritarian Elections. Electoral Studies, 54, 218–225. https://doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2018.06.010.
Gatra. (2018). Ini Empat Kritik Gerindra Jelang Empat Tahun Pemerintahan Jokowi. Tersedia di https://www.gatra.com/detail/news/355917-Ini-Empat-Kritik-Gerindra-Jelang-Empat-Tahun-Pemerintahan-Jokowi.
Greene, Z. (2020). Being Heard Above the Noise: The Role of Incumbent Issue Diversity in Election Campaigns. Political Behavior, 42, 487–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9504-2.
Hillman, B. (2012). Ethnic Politics and Local Political Parties in Indonesia. Asian Ethnicity, 13(4), 419–440. https://doi:10.1080/14631369.2012.710078.
Horowitz, Donald. (2014). Perubahan Konstitusi dan Demokrasi Indonesia. Terj. Daryatno. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Huda, N. (2001). Kontroversi Dasar Hukum Sidang Istimewa MPR dan Maklumat Presiden 23 Juli 2001 (Tinjauan Yuridis Ketatanegaraan). Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 8(16), 92-108.
Kaiser, André (2008). Parliamentary Opposition in Westminster Democracies: Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 14(1-2), 20–45. https://doi:10.1080/13572330801920887.
Konings, Piet (2004). Opposition and Social-Democratic Change in Africa: The Social Democratic Front in Cameroon. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 42(3), 289–311. https://doi:10.1080/1466204042000326190.
Kosterina, S. (2017). Why Vote for a Co-Opted Party? Endogenous Government Power Increases and Control of Opposition Politicians in Authoritarian Regimes. Comparative Political Studie, 50(9):1155-1185. https://doi:10.1177/0010414016666855.
Kreide, R. (2021). A Strong Defence of Democracy: Introduction to a Symposium on Cristina Lafont’s Book ‘Democracy Without Shortcuts’. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 47(1), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453720975050.
Levitsky, Steven., & Daniel Ziblatt. (2020). Bagaimana Demokrasi Mati. Terj. Zia Anshor. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka.
Liddle, R. Williams., & Saiful Mujani. (2007). Leadership, Party, dan Religion: Explaining Voting Behavior in Indonesia. Comparative Political Studies 40(7), 832-857. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414006292113.
Louwerse T., & Otjes S. (2019). How Populists Wage Opposition: Parliamentary Opposition Behaviour and Populism in Netherlands. Political Studies, 67(2):479-495. https://doi:10.1177/0032321718774717.
Ludger, Helms. (1998). Perspectives on Government and Opposition in Unified Germany. Politics, 18(3), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00072.
Ludger, Helms. (2008). Studying Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies: Issues and Perspectives. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 14:1-2, 6-19, https://doi: 10.1080/13572330801920788.
Maeda, K. (2015). Determinants of Opposition Fragmentation: Parliamentary Rules and Opposition Strategies. Party Politics, 21(5), 763–774. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813509512.
Martin, S. L. (2006). Book Review: Democracy Without Opposition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State. Comparative Political Studies, 39(10), 1288–1291. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414006290830.
Mietzner, M. (2012). Ideology, Money and Dynastic Leadership: The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, 1998–2012. South East Asia Research, 20(4), 511–531. https://doi:10.5367/sear.2012.0123.
Mulyadi, Mohammad. (2019). Falsifikasi Demokrasi: Berpikir Ulang Demokrasi. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Munadi. (2019). Oposisi dan Koalisi: Potret Kultur Demokrasi Indonesia. Jurnal Resolusi, 2(1), 1-20.
Nasional Kompas. (2018). Lima Kritik AHY untuk Pemerintahan Jokowi-JK. Terdesia di https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/06/11/09355181/lima-kritik-ahy-untuk-pemerintahan-jokowi-jk?page=all
Nasional Kompas. (2019). Dua Pesan Untuk Oposisi dalam Pidato Visi Indonesia Jokowi. Tersedia di https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/07/15/11243151/dua-pesan-untuk-oposisi-dalam-pidato-visi-indonesia-jokowi?page=all.
Niou, E., & Paolino, P. (2003). The Rise of the Opposition Party in Taiwan: Explaining Chen Shui-Bian’s Victory in the 2000 Presidential Election. Electoral Studies, 22(4), 721–740. https://doi:10.1016/s0261-3794(02)00010-0.
Noor, F. (2016). Oposisi dalam Kehidupan Demokrasi: Arti Penting Keberadaan Oposisi sebagai Bagian Penguatan Demokrasi di Indonesia. Jurnal Masyarakat Indonesia, 42 (1), 1-17.
Noor, F. (2016). Perilaku Politik Pragmatis dalam Kehidupan Politik Kontemporer: Kajian atas Menyurutnya Peran Ideologi Politik di Era Reformasi. Masyarakat Indonesia, 40(1), 57-74.
Pedrazzani, A. (2017). Wasting or Saving Time? How Government and Opposition Parties Use Time During Legislative Debates. Evidence From the Italian Case. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 23(3), 439–464. https://doi:10.1080/13572334.2017.1361206.
Pickvance, K. (1998). Democracy And Grassroots Opposition in Eastern Europe: Hungary and Russia Compared. The Sociological Review, 46(2), 187-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00116.
Pikiran Rakyat Depok. (2021). Jokowi Dinilai Keliru Sebut Tak Butuh Oposisi. Tersedia di https://depok.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/pr-091482466/jokowi-dinilai-keliru-sebut-tak-butuh-oposisi-refly-harun-demokrasi-tidak-jalan-kalau-hanya-satu-arus-saja.
Pratama, Alip D. (2018). Perbandingan Dinamika Oposisi di Indonesia dan Turki dalam Perspektif Teori Demokrasi dan Konstitusional. Jurnal Thengkyang, 2(1), 1-20.
Pratama, D. Z. (2020). Koalisi Semu Partai Oposisi di Indonesia. Jurnal Transformative, 1(1), 69-77.
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