ENSEMBLE PERFORMANCE SKILL AND COGNITIVE EMPATHY: THE ENHANCEMENT OF MUSIC EDUCATION PRACTICE IN INDONESIA
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Abstract
The rising understanding of music's role in enhancing empathy and the role of empathy in optimizing musical interaction increases research in this field. The rising interest in music and empathy is mainly observed in the musical group activity that requires interpersonal interaction. While this research is done, the ensemble performance, especially in a choir, is barely explored in relation to empathic ability. The present study aims to identify the correlation between specific cognitive empathy and the self-perception of ensemble performance skills in a choir. A quantitative survey of choir members in some cities in Indonesia (N=95) found that cognitive empathy statistically correlates to ensemble performance skills at a medium level r=.506, p=.000. Meanwhile, the dimension of ensemble performance skills that most correlates with cognitive empathy is anticipation r=. 440 (perspective-taking) and r=.367 (online simulation), both statistically significant at the 0.01 level. Linear regression analysis showed that empathic ability accounts for 25.7% variability in ensemble performance skills. Through initial analysis, it is also found that years of experience tend to account for a negligible share of ensemble performance skills compared to cognitive empathy per se. Further investigation is needed to validate a measure of ensemble performance skills that objectively accentuates individual ensemble skills, rather than relying solely on subjective self-report.
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[1]
I. K. Wardani and A. M. Toisuta, “ENSEMBLE PERFORMANCE SKILL AND COGNITIVE EMPATHY: THE ENHANCEMENT OF MUSIC EDUCATION PRACTICE IN INDONESIA”, JURNAL EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 201-208, Sep. 2026.
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References
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Cho, E. (2021). The relationship between small music ensemble experience and empathy skill: A survey study. Psychology of Music, 49(3), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735619887226
Clayton, M., Jakubowski, K., Eerola, T., Keller, P. E., Camurri, A., Volpe, G., & Alborno, P. (2020). Interpersonal entraintment in music performance: theory, method and model. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 38(2), 136–194. https://doi.org/10.1525/MP.2020.38.2.136
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Daugherty, J. F. (2003). Choir Spacing and Formation: Choral Sound Preferences in Random, Synergistic, and Gender-Specific Chamber Choir Placements. In International Journal of Research in Choral Singing (Vol. 1, Issue 1).
de Vignemont, F., & Singer, T. (2006). The empathic brain: how, when and why? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(10), 435–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.08.008
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Ekholm, E. (2000). The Effect of Singing Mode and Seating Arrangement on Choral Blend and Overall Choral Sound. Journal of Research in Music Education, 48(2), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.2307/3345571
Elvers, P., Fischinger, T., & Steffens, J. (2018). Music listening as self-enhancement: Effects of empowering music on momentary explicit and implicit self-esteem. Psychology of Music, 46(3), 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735617707354
Fuelberth, R. J. V. (2004). The Effect of Various Left hand Conducting Gestures on Perceptions of Anticipated Vocal Tension in Singers. In International Journal of Research in Choral Singing (Vol. 2, Issue 1).
Goldstein, T. R., & Winner, E. (2012). Enhancing Empathy and Theory of Mind. Journal of Cognition and Development, 13(1), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2011.573514
Gonzo, C. L. (1977). 1977 Gonzo- Metaphoric Behavior in Choral Conducting. The Choral Journal, 17(7), 8–12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23544300
Greenberg, D. M., Rentfrow, P. J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Can Music Increase Empathy? Interpreting Musical Experience Through the Empathizing–Systemizing (E-S) Theory: Implications for Autism. Empirical Musicology Review, 10(1–2), 80. https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v10i1-2.4603
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Ioannidou F, Konstantikaki, V. (2008). Empathy and emotional intelligence : What is it really about? International Journal of Caring Sciences, 1(3), 118–123.
Kartika, W., Mering, A., & Sanulita, H. (2019). Analisis Peran Pelatih Paduan Suara Dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menyanyi Peserta Paduan Suara Di Smk. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa, 8(3), 1–8.
Kawase, S. (2016). Associations among music majors’ personality traits, empathy, and aptitude for ensemble performance. Psychology of Music, 44(2), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735614568697
Keller, P. (2013). Musical ensemble performance : A theoretical framework and empirical findings on interpersonal coordination. International Symposium on Performance Science, 271–285.
Keller, P. E. (2012). Mental imagery in music performance: Underlying mechanisms and potential benefits. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1252(1), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06439.x
Luca, J., Tarricone, P., & Luca, J. (2001). Does emotional intelligence affect successful teamwork? Does emotional intelligence affect successful teamwork? DOES EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AFFECT SUCCESSFUL TEAMWORK? https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/4834
Maxwell Mann, L., & Author, C. (2014). Effects of Solo and Choral Singing Modes on Vibrato Rate, Extent, and Duration Exhibited by Undergraduate Female Singers. IJRCS International Journal of Research in Choral Singing, 5(1), 26–38.
Mita, A. R. (2021). Metode Dan Teknik Vokal Pada Paduan Suara Gregorius Di Paroki Aloysius Gonzaga Surabaya. Jurnal Pendidikan Sendratasik, 10(1), 41–53.
Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Jegindo, E. M. E., Vuust, P., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2014). Music training and empathy positively impact adults’ sensitivity to infant distress. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(DEC). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01440
Rabinowitch, T. (2015). How , Rather Than What Type of , Music Increases Empathy. 10(1), 96–98.
Rabinowitch, T. C., Cross, I., & Burnard, P. (2013). Long-term musical group interaction has a positive influence on empathy in children. Psychology of Music, 41(4), 484–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735612440609
Reniers, R. L. E. P., Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N. M., & Völlm, B. A. (2011). The QCAE: A questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.528484
Shanton, K., & Goldman, A. (2010a). Simulation theory. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(4), 527–538. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.33
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Sigiro, J. (2020). Pembelajaran Ekstrakurikuler Paduan Suara Di Smp Negeri 172 Jakarta. Jurnal Penelitian Musik, 1(1), 31–43.
Sinaga, T. (2014). Teknik Bernyanyi Dalam Paduan Suara. Jurnal Sendratasik Universitas Negeri Medan, 7(2), 281–293.
Sublett, V. (2009). Vibrato or Nonvibrato in Solo and Choral Singing: Is There Room for Both? (Vol. 65, Issue 5).
Vuoskoski, J. K. (2015). Music , Empathy , and Affiliation : Commentary on Greenberg , Rentfrow , and Baron-Cohen. 10(1), 99–102.
Vuoskoski, J. K., Clarke, E. F., & Denora, T. (2017). Music listening evokes implicit affiliation. Psychology of Music, 45(4), 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735616680289
Wardani, I. K. (2019). Korelasi Keterampilan Empatik dan Kohesi Musikal (Studi Kasus: PSM ISI Yogyakarta).
Wardani, I. K. (2022). Virtual Choir: To Sing Together, Individually. International Journal of Creative and Arts Studies, 9(2), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.24821/ijcas.v9i2.8226
Williams, A., O’Driscoll, K., & Moore, C. (2014). The influence of empathic concern on prosocial behavior in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(MAY), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00425
Yüksel PİRGON, A. (2015). THE EFFECT OF MUSIC EDUCATION ON THE EMPATHY OF MEDICAL STUDENTS. In International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their. www.ijonte.org
Zahavi, D. (2010a). Empathy, embodiment and interpersonal understanding: From Lipps to Schutz. Inquiry, 53(3), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00201741003784663
Zahavi, D. (2010b). Empathy, embodiment and interpersonal understanding: From Lipps to Schutz. Inquiry, 53(3), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00201741003784663
Zahavi, D. (2014). Empathy and Other-Directed Intentionality. Topoi, 33(1), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-013-9197-4
Bamford, J. M. S., & Davidson, J. W. (2019). Trait Empathy associated with Agreeableness and rhythmic entrainment in a spontaneous movement to music task: Preliminary exploratory investigations. Musicae Scientiae, 23(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1029864917701536
Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Autism: The empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04467.x
Cho, E. (2021). The relationship between small music ensemble experience and empathy skill: A survey study. Psychology of Music, 49(3), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735619887226
Clayton, M., Jakubowski, K., Eerola, T., Keller, P. E., Camurri, A., Volpe, G., & Alborno, P. (2020). Interpersonal entraintment in music performance: theory, method and model. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 38(2), 136–194. https://doi.org/10.1525/MP.2020.38.2.136
Damara, I., & Milyartini, R. (2021). Strategi Pelatihan Paduan Suara Mahasiswa Universitas Padjadjaran Dimasa Pandemi Covid-19. Swara: Jurnal Antologi Pendidikan Musik, 1(3), 16–26. https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/antomusik/article/view/38392
Daugherty, J. F. (n.d.). 1999 Daugherty - Spacing, Formation, and Choral Sound_ Preferences and Perceptions of Auditors and Choristers.
Daugherty, J. F. (2003). Choir Spacing and Formation: Choral Sound Preferences in Random, Synergistic, and Gender-Specific Chamber Choir Placements. In International Journal of Research in Choral Singing (Vol. 1, Issue 1).
de Vignemont, F., & Singer, T. (2006). The empathic brain: how, when and why? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(10), 435–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.08.008
Decety, J. (2011a). Dissecting the neural mechanisms mediating empathy. Emotion Review, 3(1), 92–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374662
Decety, J. (2011b). The neuroevolution of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06027.x
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2006). A social-neuroscience perspective on empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(2), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00406.x
Ekholm, E. (2000). The Effect of Singing Mode and Seating Arrangement on Choral Blend and Overall Choral Sound. Journal of Research in Music Education, 48(2), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.2307/3345571
Elvers, P., Fischinger, T., & Steffens, J. (2018). Music listening as self-enhancement: Effects of empowering music on momentary explicit and implicit self-esteem. Psychology of Music, 46(3), 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735617707354
Fuelberth, R. J. V. (2004). The Effect of Various Left hand Conducting Gestures on Perceptions of Anticipated Vocal Tension in Singers. In International Journal of Research in Choral Singing (Vol. 2, Issue 1).
Goldstein, T. R., & Winner, E. (2012). Enhancing Empathy and Theory of Mind. Journal of Cognition and Development, 13(1), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2011.573514
Gonzo, C. L. (1977). 1977 Gonzo- Metaphoric Behavior in Choral Conducting. The Choral Journal, 17(7), 8–12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23544300
Greenberg, D. M., Rentfrow, P. J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Can Music Increase Empathy? Interpreting Musical Experience Through the Empathizing–Systemizing (E-S) Theory: Implications for Autism. Empirical Musicology Review, 10(1–2), 80. https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v10i1-2.4603
Hoffman, M. L. (2008). Empathy and Prosocial Behavior. In M. L. Haviland-Jones & L. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (Third, pp. 440–455). The Guilford Press.
Ioannidou F, Konstantikaki, V. (2008). Empathy and emotional intelligence : What is it really about? International Journal of Caring Sciences, 1(3), 118–123.
Kartika, W., Mering, A., & Sanulita, H. (2019). Analisis Peran Pelatih Paduan Suara Dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menyanyi Peserta Paduan Suara Di Smk. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa, 8(3), 1–8.
Kawase, S. (2016). Associations among music majors’ personality traits, empathy, and aptitude for ensemble performance. Psychology of Music, 44(2), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735614568697
Keller, P. (2013). Musical ensemble performance : A theoretical framework and empirical findings on interpersonal coordination. International Symposium on Performance Science, 271–285.
Keller, P. E. (2012). Mental imagery in music performance: Underlying mechanisms and potential benefits. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1252(1), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06439.x
Luca, J., Tarricone, P., & Luca, J. (2001). Does emotional intelligence affect successful teamwork? Does emotional intelligence affect successful teamwork? DOES EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AFFECT SUCCESSFUL TEAMWORK? https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworks/4834
Maxwell Mann, L., & Author, C. (2014). Effects of Solo and Choral Singing Modes on Vibrato Rate, Extent, and Duration Exhibited by Undergraduate Female Singers. IJRCS International Journal of Research in Choral Singing, 5(1), 26–38.
Mita, A. R. (2021). Metode Dan Teknik Vokal Pada Paduan Suara Gregorius Di Paroki Aloysius Gonzaga Surabaya. Jurnal Pendidikan Sendratasik, 10(1), 41–53.
Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Jegindo, E. M. E., Vuust, P., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2014). Music training and empathy positively impact adults’ sensitivity to infant distress. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(DEC). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01440
Rabinowitch, T. (2015). How , Rather Than What Type of , Music Increases Empathy. 10(1), 96–98.
Rabinowitch, T. C., Cross, I., & Burnard, P. (2013). Long-term musical group interaction has a positive influence on empathy in children. Psychology of Music, 41(4), 484–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735612440609
Reniers, R. L. E. P., Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N. M., & Völlm, B. A. (2011). The QCAE: A questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.528484
Shanton, K., & Goldman, A. (2010a). Simulation theory. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(4), 527–538. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.33
Shanton, K., & Goldman, A. (2010b). Simulation theory. In Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science (Vol. 1, Issue 4, pp. 527–538). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.33
Sigiro, J. (2020). Pembelajaran Ekstrakurikuler Paduan Suara Di Smp Negeri 172 Jakarta. Jurnal Penelitian Musik, 1(1), 31–43.
Sinaga, T. (2014). Teknik Bernyanyi Dalam Paduan Suara. Jurnal Sendratasik Universitas Negeri Medan, 7(2), 281–293.
Sublett, V. (2009). Vibrato or Nonvibrato in Solo and Choral Singing: Is There Room for Both? (Vol. 65, Issue 5).
Vuoskoski, J. K. (2015). Music , Empathy , and Affiliation : Commentary on Greenberg , Rentfrow , and Baron-Cohen. 10(1), 99–102.
Vuoskoski, J. K., Clarke, E. F., & Denora, T. (2017). Music listening evokes implicit affiliation. Psychology of Music, 45(4), 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735616680289
Wardani, I. K. (2019). Korelasi Keterampilan Empatik dan Kohesi Musikal (Studi Kasus: PSM ISI Yogyakarta).
Wardani, I. K. (2022). Virtual Choir: To Sing Together, Individually. International Journal of Creative and Arts Studies, 9(2), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.24821/ijcas.v9i2.8226
Williams, A., O’Driscoll, K., & Moore, C. (2014). The influence of empathic concern on prosocial behavior in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(MAY), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00425
Yüksel PİRGON, A. (2015). THE EFFECT OF MUSIC EDUCATION ON THE EMPATHY OF MEDICAL STUDENTS. In International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their. www.ijonte.org
Zahavi, D. (2010a). Empathy, embodiment and interpersonal understanding: From Lipps to Schutz. Inquiry, 53(3), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00201741003784663
Zahavi, D. (2010b). Empathy, embodiment and interpersonal understanding: From Lipps to Schutz. Inquiry, 53(3), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00201741003784663
Zahavi, D. (2014). Empathy and Other-Directed Intentionality. Topoi, 33(1), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-013-9197-4